### cpp11's blog

By cpp11, 4 years ago, ,

I am learning suffix arrays. I understood the O(nlogn) implementation of suffix array. But I am not being able to understand LCP calculation. Could someone explain how to calculate LCP from suffix arrays? Thanks in advance.

 » 4 years ago, # | ← Rev. 2 →   +10 Kasai's algorithm is pretty easy and works in O(n). Let's look at the two continuous suffixes in the suffix array. Let their indexes in suffix array be i1 and i1 + 1. If their lcp > 0, then if we delete first letter from both of them. We can easily see that new strings will have the same relative order. Also we can see that lcp of new strings will be exactly lcp - 1. Let's now look at the string wich we have got from the i suffix by deleting its first character. Obviously it is some suffix of the string too. Let its index be i2. Let's look at the lcp of suffixes i2 and i2 + 1. We can see that it's lcp will be at least already mentioned lcp - 1. This is associated with certain properties of lcp array, in particular, that lcp(i, j) = min(lcpi, lcpi + 1, ..., lcpj - 1). And finally let's make the algorithm based on the mentioned above. We will need an additional array rank[n], wich will contain the index in the suffix array of the suffix starting in index i. Firstly we should calculate the lcp of the suffix with index rank[0]. Then let's iterate through all suffixes in order in which we meet them in the string and calculate lcp[rank[i]] in naive way, BUT starting it from lcp[rank[i - 1]] - 1. Easy to see that now we have O(n) algorithm because on the each step our lcp decreasing not more than by 1 (except the case when rank[i] = n - 1). Implementation: vector kasai(string s, vector sa) { int n=s.size(),k=0; vector lcp(n,0); vector rank(n,0); for(int i=0; i
•  » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   +3 There is also a way to build it in O(nlogn) with a segment tree described on the e-maxx, but in my opinion it is much harder and slower.
•  » » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   +3 And there's another O(NlogN) algorithm which is much more intuitive: find LCP of each pair of consecutive suffixes using binary search and hashes. However, I'm not really sure what's easier and faster to implement: this method or Kasai's (and several other guys')
•  » » » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   +9 Yes, but hashes are evil, we don't want use them :)
•  » » » » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   +8 Why exactly? Due to anti-hash tests? Try hashing mod 2^64 and a randomly chosen reasonably small prime.
•  » » » » » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   0 I just dislike hashes and trying to avoid them almost always when I have such opportunity. Also, double hashing is quite slow :(
•  » » » » » » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   +3 That's why 2^64 — what makes double hashing slow is especially the modulo operation, if you use just long long, then it's fast, but it's easy to make anti-hash tests, which is what the other part (mod smaller prime) takes care of while retaining decent runtime.
•  » » » » » » » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   0 Interesting trick. But I still dislike hashes :)
•  » » » » » » » » » 3 years ago, # ^ |   0 Relevant username
•  » » » » » » 5 months ago, # ^ |   0 where can I learn hashes ? Any tutorial or blog ?
•  » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   -8 That was helpful.I got the idea. Thanks a lot.But Could you explain why lcp(i, j) = min(lcpi, lcpi + 1, ..., lcpj-1). this property is true?
•  » » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   +5 write a suffix array + lcp in a paper, you will notice that property.
•  » » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   +1 For example, we know lcp(i, j - 1). Obviously if lcp[j - 1] < lcp(i, j - 1) then lcp(i, j) = lcp[j - 1], otherwise lcp(i, j) = lcp(i, j - 1), i.e. lcp(i, j) = min(lcp(i, j - 1), lcp[j - 1]). Now we could rewrite lcp(i, j - 1) in this formula in the same way and get what we get.
•  » » » » 4 years ago, # ^ |   0 It is clear now. Thanks :)
•  » » » » 3 years ago, # ^ |   0 Do you mean lcp(1,4) in abcabcd = min(lcp(1,2),lcp(2,3),lcp(3,4)) = min(0,0,0) = 0 ?
•  » » » » » 3 years ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 →   0 here lcp(i,j) means lcp(suffix from sa[i],suffix from sa[j]) ,where sa=>suffix array
•  » » 15 months ago, # ^ |   0 what is rank array....please explain a little more !!!!!
•  » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 rank array is just a reverse function for suffix array
•  » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 what if we used j=sa[i]+1;??/
•  » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 The idea is following thing. Let s='abcdefghi' Then LCP(0)=lcp(abcdefghi, bcdefghi) =|bcdefghi|=8And then we cut one character from left from each string and move one position forward and calculate LCP(1). It would be LCP(1)=|cdefghi|=7=LCP(0)-1So if j=sa[i] +1 we can't say that LCP(i) =k-1, we should check prefix fully.
•  » » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 lcp(abcdefghi, bcdefghi) =|bcdefghi|=8 wat
•  » » » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 lcp(abcdefghi, bcdefghi) =|bcdefghi|=0right??
•  » » » » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 Sorry, I did a huge mistake. I thought actually about the following.We have string suff[i] ='abcdefghi'. Let LCP(i) =X. Then for suff[j] ='bcdefghi' LCP(j) >=X-1.
•  » » » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 I thought about something like example of cutting It should be something like LPC(0)=lcp(abcdhhh, abcdiii) = |abcd|=4 => lcp(bcdhhh,bcdiii)=|bcd|=LCP(0)-1Maybe that is some sort if mild brain damage
•  » » » » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 haha
•  » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 Adamant mentioned that lcp(i, j) =min(LCP(k)) {k=[i:j)} That is because we can take lcp between cur and next suffixes in the string, not in the suffix array, as a lower bound.
•  » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 I spent some time trying to run algorithm in my imagination. Despite algorithm is very confusing and it seems that it can't work it works actually. I tested it on my machine today morning. We consider i-th suffix of original string.Find where in suffix array i-th suffix lies and then find where lexicographically next suffix lies in original string. Then compare characters one by one and count of characters successfully matched is LCP. And for some reason it is legal to start comparing not from first character but from k-th. Why? What is k? k is LCP of rank[i-1]. And i-th suffix is also a suffix of (i-1)-suffix. Moreover, suff(i-1)=c+suff(i).So if k >1 then x=y+z, where |y|=k-1.
•  » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 Postfix increment is bad!
•  » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   0 You're bad!
•  » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 5 →   0 I saw postfix increment implementation in GCC C++.It was like this. [] [int &x] {int y=++x; return y;} So, postfix uses prefix form as a subroutine and therefore is slower. UPD: Postfix increment does unnecessarily job. So it consumes additional energy without a real purpose. Energy is not infinite you know. You are bringing us closer to theheat death of the Universe. UPD2: I understood. You are talking about compiler optimization. It is almost certain that compiler will remove postfix and put prefix form.Nonetheless, it requires additional time, additional energy and thus additional heating.
•  » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ |   +10 Kill yourself, then you can slow down heat death of universe.
•  » » » » » » 14 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 3 →   0 It might help or might not. Now if kill myself then everybody would think I have killed myself because of codeforces.com user advised me to do so. It may trigger a huge response. Or may not. The question is pretty complex. We should discuss that question very hard.
•  » » 12 months ago, # ^ |   0 Can you please explain the notation used above. I am having doubt in lcp(i, j) and lcp_i
•  » » » 12 months ago, # ^ |   0
•  » » » » 12 months ago, # ^ |   0
 » 3 years ago, # |   0 Very well explained. Thanks!