### errorgorn's blog

By errorgorn, history, 10 months ago,

Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Bank Programming Contest 2019 has just finished, and this is an unofficial editorial.

Thanks to my friends limruiy and shenxy13 for helping write some of the editorial.

# A — November 30

You can solve it simply by checking for each end date of the Gregorian calendar. However, note that as the second date directly follows the first date (a fact which I think is not clear in the English translation), we can also check whether they're in different months, or whether the second date is the first day of a month. This can be done in constant time.

Code

# B — Tax Rate

We note that there is monotonicty in this question. $\lfloor 1.08(X+1) \rfloor \geqslant \lfloor 1.08X \rfloor$. Hence, we can binary search the answer. When we binary search the value of X(the answer), if $\lfloor 1.08X \rfloor = N$, then we have our answer. Otherwise, we can search higher if $\lfloor 1.08X \rfloor > N$ and search lower otherwise. If we find that no number gives us desired N, then it is impossible.

Code

# C — 100 to 105

We can simply do a 0-infinity knapsack with weights 100,101,...,105 and check if some value is reachable. We get a time complexity of $O(N)$.

Code

# D — Lucky PIN

First, we note that there are $O(N^{3})$ subsequences of the string, so generating all of them and using a set to check for number of distinct subsequences is TLE. However, there are only at most 1000 distinct such subsequences, from 000 to 999. We can linearly scan through the string for each of these possible subsequences to check if it is actually a subsequence of the string in $O(N)$. Thus, this can be solved in $O(1000N)$, which is AC.

Code

# E — Colorful Hats 2

Firstly, we can imagine there are 3 imaginary people standing at the very front, each with a different colour hat. For each person, we consider how many possible people could be the first person in front of him with the same hat colour. If the current person has number X, then the number of ways is:

(no. of ppl with X-1 in front) — (no. of ppl with X in front)

This is because those with X in front of him must be paired with one of the X-1 already, so this reduces our options.

Implementation wise, we can store an array which keeps track of the number of people with no. X who are not paired yet. Initially, all values are 0, except at index -1 with the value of 3. Then when processing the current p[user:AtillaAk]erson X, we multiply the answer by arr[X-1], decrease arr[X-1] by 1, and increase arr[X] by 1.

Code

# F — Interval Running

Firstly, if $T_{1}A_{1}+T_{2}A_{2}=T_{1}B_{1}+T_{2}B_{2}$, the answer is infinity.

Else, WLOG, we let $T_{1}A_{1}+T_{2}A_{2} > T_{1}B_{1}+T_{2}B_{2}$. If $A_{1} > B_{1}$, then Takahashi and Aoki will never meet each other. The answer is 0. Now, we have solved all the corner cases. We shall move on to the general case. We shall call the period $T_{1}+T_{2}$. Now, we shall find the number of periods where Takahashi and Aoki meet each other. If we do some math, we get the number of periods to be $\lceil \frac{T_{1}(B_{1}-A_{1})}{(T_{1}A_{1}+T_{2}A_{2})-(T_{1}B_{1}+T_{2}B_{2})} \rceil$.

The number of times that Takahashi and Aoki meet each other is $2periods-1$ since every period they meet each other twice when Aoki overtakes Takahashi and Takahashi overtakes Aoki. We need to minus 1 since we do not count the first time they meet each other at the very start. We submit this and... WA.

Yes, we need to think about the case where $\frac{T_{1}(B_{1}-A_{1})}{(T_{1}A_{1}+T_{2}A_{2})-(T_{1}B_{1}+T_{2}B_{2})}$ is a whole number. In this case, we need to add one, as there will be one more time where Aoki will meet up with Takahashi but never overtake him. And now we get AC. (Thanks to AtillaAk for pointing out the mistake)

Code

• +39

 » 10 months ago, # |   0 Does the approach described for task-D be accepted if the size of the string is 10^5. If not is there any better way to do it? Thanks.
•  » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   +8 It may or may not be accepted 10^8 is a bit borderline.There is a way that runs in O(100N). It kind of works like dynamic programming, where at each point, we keep track of for each 1 digit, 2 digit and 3 digit code whether it is possible.So say the string is 1213 and we are processing the last digit (1). The currently possible 1 digits are (1,2), 2 digits are (12,21) and 3 digits are (121). For each 2 digit, we add in new possible 3 digit. So for 12 and 21, we add in 123 and 213. We repeat this process for 1 digit to 2 digit, and finally note that now 3 is possible single digit.The slowest part of our algorithm is going from 2 digits to 3 digits, where there is at most 100 2 digit combinations. Hence the run time is O(100N).
•  » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   +16 I just suddenly thought of another idea, this one runs in O(N + 1000logN).For each of the 1000 possible numbers, use binary search to find the leftmost position of the first digit. Then, use binary search again to find the leftmost position of the next digit that is on the right of the first digit. Repeat for the last digit.
•  » » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   -8 yeah it should work. also we need to ensure that index of these 3 digits in N are in increasing order
 » 10 months ago, # | ← Rev. 2 →   +8 For problem B, I don't know whether it's correct or not, but my first intuition was to consider two values of $x$ i.e., $\left\lfloor \frac{n}{1.08} \right\rfloor$ and $\left\lceil \frac{n}{1.08} \right\rceil$.But, it turned out that only choosing $x = \left\lceil \frac{n}{1.08} \right\rceil$ and checking whether it satisfies or not was enough. My submissionI would be happy if someone posts a counter-example (if it's incorrect) or a proof (if it's correct).
•  » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   0 I did it in a reverse way I just check all x (1,100000) when multiplied by 1.08 becomes n. I did have confusion at start like you did and got this idea.
•  » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   0 We shall let $f(x)=\lfloor 1.08x \rfloor$. The function $f$ is injective, which implies that its inverse $f^{-1}$ exists. We can show that $f^{-1}(x)=\lceil \frac{x}{1.08} \rceil$I think this is a sufficient proof??
•  » » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   +8 I am not that strong at maths, but isn't the existence of inverse possible iff the function is bijective?
•  » » » » 10 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 →   0 Im going to ignore the surjective part because we can change our codomain to only the numbers that have a valid untaxed price.But yeah youre right
 » 10 months ago, # |   0 I have a $O(1)$ solution for C. Code
•  » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   0 Can you explain your idea? Thanks.
•  » » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   0 Since each item has a cost $\ge 100$, we only care about how to obtain the $(x \% 100)$ by purchasing appropriate no. of items. The idea is to buy as many items as possible so as to have more chances of obtaining the required cost below $100$. Since cost of every item is $\ge 100$, you can buy atmost $n = (x / 100)$ items. Now, you have to make $(x \% 100)$ using $n$ items where each item contributes $0, 1, 2, 3, 4$ or $5$. To minimize the no. of non-$0$ value items needed to achieve this, we greedily do this by taking items contributing $5$ and then one more item if the resultant is not $0$. This requires $m = \left \lceil \frac{x \% 100}{5} \right\rceil$ items contributing a non-$0$ value and some (possibly none) items contributing $0$. Now, you just have to check whether $n \ge m$ or not.
 » 10 months ago, # |   0 Can anyone explain how to get the number of periods in problem F? Thanks.
•  » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   +3 So, Takahashi and Aoki will only meet each other if at the start of a period the distance between them is lesser than $T_{1}(B_{1}-A_{1})$. At first, the distance between Takahashi and Aoki are 0. After 1 period, the distance is $(T_{1}A_{1}+T_{2}A_{2})-(T_{1}B_{1}+T_{2}B_{2})$. So, for the $K$-th period, Takahashi and Aoki meet each other only if $K((T_{1}A_{1}+T_{2}A_{2})-(T_{1}B_{1}+T_{2}B_{2})) \leqslant T_{1}(B_{1}-A_{1})$. We can rearrange the equation to find the biggest $K$ period where they meet up.
 » 10 months ago, # |   0 I don't understand why "(no. of ppl with X-1 in front) — (no. of ppl with X in front)" would be the number of ways since we have 3 colours . Can someone explain this part ?
•  » » 10 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 →   0 Let A be the (no. of ppl with X-1 in front) and B be the (no. of ppl with X in front).We see that B must be less than A, and each of the B people must be matched to one of the previous A people. That leaves A — B people for us to map the current person to.Edit: by map, I mean that the person has the same colour hat as the person they are being mapped to. Sorry if my English is bad.
 » 10 months ago, # | ← Rev. 3 →   +12 I think you have a mistake in F (Not in the code but in the editorial).You said that if $T1(B1−A1)/(T1A1+T2A2)−(T1B1+T2B2)$ is a whole number, we need to minus one. This is false because $⌈T1(B1−A1)(T1A1+T2A2)−(T1B1+T2B2)⌉$ means the next integer greater equal to the fraction inside. Let's say the fraction inside is an integer $A$. $⌈A⌉$ will give $A$. If we do it your way. Our answer before the final paragraph is $2*A - 1$. However, because you told us to minus one once again if the fraction was a whole integer in the final paragraph, according to you we should print $2*A - 2$. I checked your code and it prints $2*A$ in these situations if I'm not mistaken.
•  » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   +6 The answer is indeed 2*A-2.Its just in my code i floor instead of ceiling. Sorry for confusion
•  » » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   +12 I'm not really sure if our definitions for ceil is same. You used $q1$ and $q2$ for the fractions so I'm gonna use them. Let's say $q1 = 10$ and $q2 = 2$. In this situation $A = ⌈\frac{q1}{q2}⌉ = ⌈\frac{10}{2}⌉ = 5$your code prints $2*q1/q2 =2* 10 / 2 = 10$. Which is equal to $2*A$ not $2*A - 2$. If I know correctly, ceiling means next integer greater equal to this number. If the number you are ceiling is already an integer you return it.
•  » » » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   +3 Oh my mistake. Thanks for pointing that out, will change the editorial
 » 10 months ago, # |   0 Can you please elaborate solution of 3rd question ,what's knapsack ??
•  » » 10 months ago, # ^ |   0 Google "Knapsack problem". It is a common Combinatorics DP.