After Educational Codeforces Round 79, I want to share a problem I create this year.
It's host on 2019 Multi-University Training Contest 5.
The statement of problem is following:
Many problems require printing the probability of something. Moreover, it is common that if the answer is $$$\frac{a}{b}$$$, you should output $$$a \times b^{-1} \pmod{p}$$$ ($$$p$$$ is a prime number). In these problems, you cannot know the exact value of the probability. It's so confusing!!! Now, we want to reverse engineer the exact probability from such calculated output value x. We do so by guessing the probability is the one with the minimum $$$b$$$ such that $$$a \times b^{-1} = x \pmod{p}$$$. Now we invite you to solve this problem with us!
What the statement mentioning is quite match the situation in contest of today!
The following is the reference solution (you can use the code to get the correct fraction format output in today contest):
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define F first
#define S second
typedef long long LL;
typedef pair<LL,LL> PLL;
const int SIZE = 1e6+10;
PLL solveWA(LL x0, LL p){
PLL r;
r.S = p / x0 + 1;
r.F = r.S * x0 - p;
PLL x = {x0, 1LL};
while(r.F >= r.S) {
if(r.F * 2 < x.F) {
PLL nxt_r = make_pair((x.F / r.F + 1) * r.F - x.F , (x.F / r.F + 1) * r.S - x.S);
x = r;
r = nxt_r;
}
else {
LL dif = x.F - r.F;
LL tt = x.F / dif;
// x.F - i * dif < r.S * i - x.S * (i-1)
// x.F - x.S < (r.S + dif - x.S) * i
LL need = (x.F - x.S) / (r.S + dif - x.S) + 1;
if(need <= tt) return {x.F - need * dif, (r.S - x.S) * need + x.S};
PLL nxt_r = {x.F - tt * dif, (r.S - x.S) * tt + x.S};
x = r;
r = nxt_r;
}
}
return r;
}
PLL solveAC(LL x0, LL p){
PLL r;
r.S = p / x0 + 1;
r.F = r.S * x0 - p;
PLL x = {x0, 1LL};
while(r.F >= r.S) {
if(r.F * 2 < x.F) {
PLL nxt_r = make_pair((x.F / r.F + 1) * r.F - x.F , (x.F / r.F + 1) * r.S - x.S);
x = r;
r = nxt_r;
}
else {
LL dif = x.F - r.F;
LL tt = x.F / dif;
// x.F - i * dif < r.S * i - x.S * (i-1)
// x.F - x.S < (r.S + dif - x.S) * i
LL need = (x.F - x.S) / (r.S + dif - x.S) + 1;
if(need <= tt) return {x.F - need * dif, (r.S - x.S) * need + x.S};
PLL nxt_r = {x.F - tt * dif, (r.S - x.S) * tt + x.S};
x = {x.F - (tt - 1) * dif, (r.S - x.S) * (tt - 1) + x.S};
r = nxt_r;
}
}
return r;
}
LL modmul(LL A,LL B,LL mod)
{
return (A*B-(LL)((long double)A*B/mod)*mod+mod)%mod;
}
int main(){
int T;
scanf("%d", &T);
while(T--) {
LL p, x;
scanf("%lld%lld", &p, &x);
PLL ret=solveAC(x,p);
printf("%lld/%lld\n",ret.F,ret.S);
}
return 0;
}
Well, brute force is enough for the sake of seeing what my program got for a sample test.
Yeh... You are right. So the title is just set as some kind of content farm to cheat people to see the article XD.
Can you explain the solution? dreamoon_love_AA
We have the fact $$$\frac{a}{b} \equiv x \pmod{p}$$$.
Now introduce a new variable $$$y$$$ such that $$$a = bx - py$$$. Then we can list following inequation according to problem statement:
$$$0 < a = bx - py < b$$$
It can give following derivation：
$$$0 < bx - py \Rightarrow \frac{p}{x} < \frac{b}{y}$$$ and
$$$bx - py < b \Rightarrow \frac{b}{y} < \frac{p}{x-1}$$$.
the value of $$$\frac{p}{x}$$$ and $$$\frac{p}{x-1}$$$ can known from input.
Now we just want to find the smallest value of $$$b$$$ such that $$$\frac{p}{x} < \frac{b}{y} < \frac{p}{x-1}$$$.
This is a classic problem such as 2019 Google Code Jam Round 2 — New Elements: Part 2.
Ah, 300iq just sent me the link here. It happened so that I independently developed mostly same problem which went to Petrozavodsk contest and I wrote an article about it too. Whoops. There are minor differences though like I minimize $$$\max(a,b)$$$ instead of minimizing $$$b$$$ for $$$a<b$$$, but they seem inter-reducible.