interlude's blog

By interlude, history, 2 months ago,

I'm very sorry about all the inconvenience, and I would like to bear the blame. Much thanks to those who help me prepare this round. It's not their fault. And much thanks to your participation.

1581A - CQXYM Count Permutations

idea: interlude

preparation: CQXYM

tutorial: CQXYM

Assume a permutation $p$, and $\sum_{i=2}^{2n}[p_{i-1}<p_i]=k$. Assume a permutaion $q$, satisfying $\forall 1 \leqslant i \leqslant 2n, q_i=2n-p_i$. We can know that $\forall 2 \leqslant i \leqslant 2n,[p_{i-1}<p_i]+[q_{i-1}<q_i]=1$. Thus,$\sum_{i=2}^{2n}[q_{i-1}<q_i]=2n-1-k$, and either $p$ should be counted or $q$ should be counted. All in all, the half of all the permutaions would be counted in the answer. Thus, the answer is $\frac{1}{2}(2n)!$. The time complexity is $O(\sum n)$. If you precalulate the factors, then the complexity will be $O(t+n)$.

solution

1581B - Diameter of Graph

idea: CQXYM

preparation: CQXYM

tutorial: CQXYM

If $m < n-1$, the graph can't be connected, so the answer should be No.

If $m > \frac{n(n-1)}{2}$, the graph must contaion multiedges, so the answer should be No.

If $m=\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$, the graph must be a complete graph. The diameter of the graph is $1$. If $k>2$ the answer is YES, otherwise the answer is NO.

If $n=1$, the graph has only one node, and its diameter is $0$. If $k>1$ the answer is YES, otherwise the answer is NO.

If $m=n-1$, the graph must be a tree, the diameter of the tree is at least $2$ when it comes to each node has an edge with node $1$. If $m>n-1 \wedge m<\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$, we can add edges on the current tree and the diameter wouldn't be more than $2$. Since the graph is not complete graph, the diameter is more than $1$, the diameter is just $2$. If $k>3$ the answer is YES, otherwise the answer is NO.

The time complexity is $O(t)$.

solution

1580A - Portal

idea: CQXYM

preparation: CQXYM

tutorial: CQXYM

We can enumerate the two corner of the submatrix, calculate the answer by precalculating the prefix sums. The time complexity is $O(\sum n^2m^2)$. When we enumerated the upper edge and the lower edge of the submatrix, we can calculate the answer by prefix sum. Assume the left edge of the submatrix is $l$, and the right edge is $r$. The part of anwer contributed by upper and lower edge are two segments, we can calculate the answer by prefix sums. The middle empty part is a submaxtrix, and we can use prefix sums too. Since we have enumerated the upper edge and lower edge, the left edge part is just about $l$, and the right part is just about $r$. Then we enumerate $l$, the answer of the best $r$ can be calculated by precalculating the suffix miniums. The time complexity is $O(\sum{n^2m})$, space complexity is $O(nm)$.

solution

1580B - Mathematics Curriculum

idea: interlude

preparation: interlude

tutorial: CQXYM

Define the dp state $f_{l,s,d}$ as the number of the permutaion length of $l$ with exactly $d$ such numbers that all the subsegments containing them have exactly $s$ different maxima in total. We enumerate the position of the bigest number in the permutaion. We call the position is $a$. The numbers before $a$ and after $a$ are independent. Then we transform the statement $(l,s,d)$ to $(a-1,x,d+1)$ and $(l-a,y,d+1)$. We also have to distribute the numbers to two parts, so the dp transformation is:

$f_{l,s,d}=\sum_{a=1}^{l} \binom{l-1}{a-1} \sum_{x=0}^{s}f_{a-1,x,d+1}f_{l-a,s-x-[d=k],d+1}$

In addition, the answer of the problem is $f_{n,m,k}$. Actually, the dp proccess is just like a cartesian tree. The time complexity is $O(n^2m^2k)$, space complexity is $O(nmk)$. However, it's enough to pass the tests.

solution

1580C - Train Maintenance

idea: interlude

preparation: interlude

tutorial: interlude and CQXYM

Let's distinguish the trains according to $x_i + y_i$.

If $x_i + y_i > \sqrt{m}$, the total times of maintenance and running don't exceed $\frac{m}{\sqrt{m}}=\sqrt{m}$. So we can find every date that the train of model $i$ begin or end maintenance in $O(\sqrt{m})$, and we can maintain a differential sequence. We can add 1 to the beginning date and minus 1 to the end date, and the prefix sum of this sequence is the number of trains in maintenance.

If $x_i + y_i \le \sqrt{m}$, suppose the train of model $i$ is repaired at $s_i$ day. For a date $t$ that the train of model $i$ is in maintenance if and only if $(t-s_i) \ mod \ (x_i+y_i) \geq x_i$. Thus for each $a \le \sqrt{m}$, we can use an array of length $a$ to record the date of all trains that satisfy $x_i + y_i = a$ are in maintenance modulo $a$. And for one period of maintenance, the total days aren't exceed $\sqrt{m}$. So we can maintain $(t - s_i) \ mod \ (x_i + y_i)$ in $O(\sqrt{m})$.

Thus the intended time complexity is $O(m\sqrt{m})$ and the intended memory complexity is $O(n + m)$.

Tutorial by CQXYM

Finished reading the statement, you may have thought about this easy solution as followed. Maintain an array to count the trains in maintenance in each day. For add and remove operations, traverse the array and add the contribution to the array. The algorithm works in the time complexity of $O(nm)$. Besides, we can use the difference array to modify a segment in $O(1)$. However, we can optimize this solution. For the trains of $x+y>\sqrt m$, we can modify every period by brute force because the number of periods is less than $\sqrt m$. For the trains of $x+y \leqslant \sqrt m$, the number of the periods can be large. In this case, we set the blocks, each of them sizes $O(\sqrt m)$. We can merge the modifies which are completely included in the same block, with the same length of period and the same start position in the block. It's fine to use an array to record this. Number of segments are not completely included in the block is about $O(\sqrt m)$. The total complexity is $O(m\sqrt m)$.

solution

1580D - Subsequence

idea: interlude

preparation: interlude

tutorial: interlude and CQXYM

First we can change the way we calculate the value of a subsequence. We can easily see the value of a subsequence $a_{b_1},a_{b_2},\ldots ,a_{b_m}$ is also $\sum_{i = 1}^m \sum_{j = i + 1}^m a_{b_i} + a_{b_j} - 2 \times f(b_i, b_j)$, which is very similar to the distance of two node on a tree. Thus we can build the cartesian tree of the sequence, and set the weight of a edge between node $i$ and $j$ as $|a_i - a_j|$. Then we can see what we are going to calculate turns into follows : choosing $m$ nodes, maximize the total distance between every two nodes. Thus we can solve this task using dynamic programming with the time complexity $O(n^2)$.

Tutorial by CQXYM

From the statement, we'd calculate the sums like $a_i+a_j-Min_{k=i}^j a_k$. When we put this on a cartesian tree, it turns out to be $a_i+a_j-a_{LCA(i,j)}$. Set the weigth of the edge $x \rightarrow y$ as $a_y-a_x$, $a_i+a_j-a_{LCA(i,j)}$ equals to the distance between node $i,j$ on the tree. Define the dp state $f_{i,j}$ as the maxium answer in the subtree rooted at node $i$, and we choose $j$ of the nodes in the subtree. Enumerate how many nodes we choose in the subtree of left-son of node $i$, number of nodes of right-son, and whether node $i$ is chose. The contribution made by the edge is its weight times the number of nodes are chose. Since a pair of node will contribute time complexity only when we are calculating the dp state of their LCA, the total time complexity is $O(n^2)$.

solution

1580E - Railway Construction

idea: interlude

preparation: interlude

tutorial: interlude

For convenience, we first define $dis[u]$ as the length of the shortest path between node 1 and node $u$ and "distance" of node $u$ as $dis[u]$, and call node $u$ is "deeper" than node $v$ if and only if $dis[u] > dis[v]$. Similarly, we call node $u$ is "lower" than node $v$ if and only if $dis[u] < dis[v]$. We will use $u$ -> $v$ to denote a a directed edge staring at node $u$ and ending at node $v$, and use $u$ --> $v$​ to denote an arbitrary path staring at node $u$ and ending at node $v$. We call two paths "intersect" if and only if they pass through at least 1 same node.

First let's focus on several facts.

1. Since all edges' weights are positive, and we have to make sure that the distance of every node does not change, for any node $u$​, we can only add edges starting at a node whose distance is strictly less than $dis[u]$. Besides, we can always add edge 1 -> $u$, but we can never add edge $u$ -> 1.
2. Since the distance of every node does not change and the train only pass through the shortest path, if an edge is not on the shortest path at first, however we add edges it won't be on any shortest path. Thus we can first calculate the shortest path and then remove all edges which are not on the shortest path. We can easily see that the new graph is a $DAG$ (Directed Acyclic Graph). And in this graph the topological order is also the ascending order of nodes' distances. In the following part of this tutorial, we will use the new graph instead of the original graph.
3. After we add all edges, every node except node 1 must have at least 2 incoming edges.

Then let's prove a lemma: if every node except node 1 exactly has 2 incoming edges, the graph will meet the requirement.

We will use mathematical induction method to prove the lemma. For an arbitrary node $u$, we suppose that all nodes whose distance is less than $u$'s has met the requirement, and we only need to prove that node $u$​ also meets the requirement. Suppose the start of the 2 incoming edges is separately $s$ and $t$.

First, if $s$ or $t$ is node 1, we can simply choose $1$ --> $u$ and $1$ --> $t$ -> $u$ as the two paths and obviously they don't intersect. Thus it meet the requirement.

Second, if $s$ and $t$ are not node 1. We choose an arbitrary path $1$ --> $s$ and call it path 0. According to our assumption, we can choose two different paths starting at node 1 and ending at node $t$​, and the two paths don't intersect. We call them path 1 and path 2 separately.

If path 0 and path 1 (or path 2) doesn't intersect, then we can choose path 0 and path 1 to meet the requirement. Thus we only need to consider the situation that path 0 intersect with both path 1 and path 2.

In this case, we first find the lowest and deepest node where path 0 and path 1 or path 2 intersect, and call them $a$ and $b$ separately.

If the both are the intersect points of path 0 and path 1, like the case below, we can choose path (1 -> a -> (through path 1, i.e. blue path) b -> s) and path 2.

Otherwise, like the case below, we can choose path (1 -> a -> t) and path (1 -> b -> s).

Both cases are meet the requirement.

Thus we've proved the lemma. So we only need to make sure that every node except node 1 has at least 2 incoming edges. Then we can get the following solution if $w$ is fixed:

For every node which has only 1 incoming edge, we record the start point of the incoming edge in an array. Then We scan all nodes in the ascending order of nodes' distances, and maintain the previous minima and second minima of $w$​ in an array $val$​, adding edges greedy. Note that we only need to maintain the index of $w$ instead of its real value. This solution consumes $O(n)$ to calculate for a fixed $w$, so the total complexity is $O(nq)$.

To accelerate the solution, let's try maintaining array $val$ while changing $w$. And we will apply all the changes in reverse order. That is, we only consider the case that $w$ is decreasing.

According to the value of $val$, we can separate the sequence into many subsegments, and we can use std::set to maintain those subsegments. For one change in $w_k$, it will affect a particular suffix of $val$​, so we can first find the suffix. Then we consecutively change the array $val$​​ until $w_k$​ is greater than current subsegment's second minima. Next we will prove that the solution works in $O((n+q)logn)$.

When we change a particular subsegment, we separate the operation into 3 types according to the relationship between $w_k$ and the subsegment's $val$.

1. If $w_k$​​ is exactly the minima of the subsegment. This kind of operation may be done many times, but we will find that it won't change $val$ at all. So we can do them at a time using segment tree. Thus in one change we will only do it at most 1 time.
2. If $w_k$ is the second minima of the subsegment. Note the fact that every subsegment must has different second minima, so this kind of operation will be also done at most once in one change.
3. If $w_k$ is neither the minima nor the second minima of the subsegment. Note the fact that each time we do it, except the first time, will make the number of subsegments decrease by 1. Thus this kind of operation will be done no more than $n+q$ times.

Using std::set and segment tree, all of these operations could be done in $O(logn)$ at a time. Thus the total complexity is $O((n+q)logn)$.

In conclusion, we can solve this task in $O(mlogm + (n+q)logn)$.

solution

1580F - Problems for Codeforces

idea: CQXYM

preparation: CQXYM

tutorial: CQXYM

If two numbers $a,b$ satisfying $a+b<m$, there can only be one number not less than $\lceil \frac{m}{2} \rceil$. Consider that cut the cycle to a sequence at the first position $p$ satisfying $\max(a_p,a_{p+1})<\lceil \frac{m}{2} \rceil$. When we minus all the numbers that are not less than $\lceil \frac{m}{2} \rceil$ by $\lceil \frac{m}{2} \rceil$, we can get a sub-problem. However, If $n$ is an even number, we may not find such a position $p$, but we can still get a sub-problem easily. For this problem on a sequence, we can divide the sequence into many segments, and each of them can not be cut by us anymore. There may be only $1$ segment, and the first, last element of the segment are not less than $\lceil \frac{m}{2} \rceil$. There may be many segments, the length of the first one and last one are even, and the rest of them are odd. To solve the problem, we define the GF A,B. A is the GF of the length of the segments are odd situation, and B is the even one. If $m$ is odd, the segment with only a number $[\frac{m}{2}]$ exists, and the GF of number of the sequence should be:

$B^2(\sum_{i=0} (A+x)^i)+A=\frac{B^2}{1-x-A}+A$

Otherwise, it is:

$B^2(\sum_{i=0} A^i)+A=\frac{B^2}{1-A}+A$.

To solve this problem, use NTT and polynomial inversion algorithm is just ok. Each time we transform a problem with limit $m$ to $\frac{m}{2}$, so the time complexity is $O(n \log n \log m)$.

solution

UPD: Chinese editorial can be found here.

• +799

 » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 2 →   -51 How comeDiv2 B is available on internetWhat's the minimum diameter of a connected undirected graph with |V| vertices and O(|V|) edges?
 » 2 months ago, # |   -31 I don't get why the announcement was downvoted. I thought the problems were nice, but it was not prepared very well (typoes, convoluted statements, and many failed pretests)
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +46 I think it is mostly cordinator mistake, they could have avoided it.
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +6 i downvoted because the samples in some problems hadn't been really informative
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +61 "I don't get why the announcement was downvoted" Immediately proceeds to explain why the announcement was downvoted in the next sentence (and as a bonus, why this editorial was not).
 » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 2 →   +1 can we use sqrt decomposition for Div2E — Train Maintenance ?
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +71 Yes.
•  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 "we can add edges on the current tree and the diameter wouldn't be more than 3." should not it be 2 ? In second editorial.
•  » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +11 Fixed.
•  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 I immediately thought of the chad meme guy after reading "yes"
 » 2 months ago, # |   +24 The contest was very difficult . But thanks for the editorial.
 » 2 months ago, # |   +6 I believe the contest was too tough !! and in B also 1 1 2 case was not present in pretests.
 » 2 months ago, # |   +25 For the Div2B problem, was there any specific reason for the diameter being less than K-1? I think this added some inconvenience because K could be zero. Anyways thanks for the editorial.
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +4 I think to make case 1 0 1 a special case
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +1 It seems that it's just because the problem setters didn't want the codes to be too short.
 » 2 months ago, # |   0 Can someone explain the second line of problem A div2
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +16 All it says is either $p_{i-1} < p_{i}$ or $q_{i-1} < q_{i}$, but not both at once.The only issue is typo here: $[p_{i-1} < p_{i}] + [q_{i-1} {\bf+} q_{i}] = 1$It should be: $[p_{i-1} < p_{i}] + [q_{i-1} < q_{i}] = 1$
•  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +11 Fixed.
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 It is just a formal way of saying there is a bijection between any permutation and the reversed permutation, exactly one of which will have number of consecutive increases at least n so counted. Also observe any permutation either has < n or >= n consecutive increases, so this counts all possible permutations.
•  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 →   0 forgive me but can you explain problem A solution, i am not able to understand editorial solution
•  » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 Which part of my explanation do you not understand?
•  » » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 Actually i didnt get how the total count was (2n!)/2 :/
•  » » » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 →   0 It's like (Let f'i= where i represent number of index such that array[j]
•  » » » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 →   0 Let's say there is a permutation P of the given array of size 2*n . Now let's count the number of positions satisfying P[i] < P[i+1] if this count is equal to say k.Then there will be exist some array Q ( refer to the editorial ) in which the number of positions satisfying Q[i] < Q[i+1] will be 2*n — k — 1. So either P or Q will have atleast n positions satisfying the given condition. So for every permutation we can either take P or Q. But due to repetition we will take ( 2n! / 2 ) as the answer.
•  » » » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 There are (2n)! permutations of 2n elements and exactly half of them are counted as I showed
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 In simple words lets us consider n=2; Therefore my array is [1,2,3,4] :For the permutation [4,3,2,1] the count of a[i]
 » 2 months ago, # |   +4 Codeforces rated div2 A ques as 800. Seriously...I have solved relatively easier 1100, 1200 range rated ques. Somebody plz tell codeforces that every div2 A ques is not 800 range one..
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +6 There were 6375 participants in Div2 and 5602 of them successfully solved problem A. Only 773 failed. So as this blog explains, rating 800 means that the participants with rating 800 had a 50% chance to solve problem A. And maybe that's how it really was. With one little caveat: those who bailed out of the contest without submitting anything, haven't been counted as participants.
•  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +3 Thanks for the info... I used to thought that some very high rated coders who are authorised by Codeforces rate the questions but turns out its some mathematical calculations that determines the rating based on percentage of submissions made during the contest... Its not a ryt way i think...consider a case where 10000 people read q1 of div2a out of which 5000 made submissions and about 4500 turns correct during the contest.. That ques may be is a typical 1100 rating ques but based on mathematical calculations it will be rated 800..
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 Ya, it shoud be around 1400. They dont understand the pain of newbies.ಥ_ಥ
 » 2 months ago, # |   0
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 I can't understand the process of div2 C even after tutorial. Can anyone explain the process?
•  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 3 →   +7 First, try to solve it as 1D array having different value, lets call this array A[]You have a variable C carrying some information, and you are at position i in array A, Now you want to find minimum value A[j] — C for all j such that j >= i + 3.If you perform suffix minimum on array A it's obvious the minimum will always be at A[j + 3]Now lets back to the problem.You will loops between all possibles rows with two variables r1, r2, and solve for the columns between r1 and r2 as 1D array problem.At position i, the array will carry how many blocks of 1s you need to change to 0 (all blocks between the two points (r1 + 1, 1) and (r2 — 1, i — 1)), also will carry how many block of 0 you need to change to 1 (Which are at column i between two points (r1 + 1, i), (r2 — 1, i), at r1 between points (r1, 1), (r1, i — 1) and at r2 between points (r2 ,1), (r2, i -1)).Now you perform minimum suffix on the 1D array you created and start iterating for the columnsAt position i, let x be the position of column which has minimum value, so A[i+3] will have the minimum value of changes from column 1 to column x, but I need the answer from column i to column x, that's the C variable I was talking about which we need to calculateCalculating C will be the number of 1s you need to change to 0 from points (r1+1, 1), (r2-1, i) and the number of 0s you need to change to 1 in the two rows from 1 to iCur = A[i+3] — CNow $Cur$ have the minimum value for the rows and right columns, all you need now to know how many value 0s you need to change to 1s at the left column which is at position i.Here is my submission: https://codeforces.com/contest/1581/submission/130415196
 » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 4 →   +34 My solution to D for which I have no idea why it works:Start with the subsequence being the entire array, then remove the element whose removal would decrease the score by the smallest amount $n-m$ times.Edit: I just stress tested it and found that it doesn't actually work, it just got AC due to the problem not using multitest.
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +2 So basically greedy works? That's surprisingly easy for a Div1 D.
 » 2 months ago, # |   +17 Can someone explain div2 C ,I am unable to understand it.
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +1
 » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 2 →   +36 How is O(n^5) passing for Div 2 D? Are the states being visited in top down dp very less or is it something else?
 » 2 months ago, # |   0 Is there a segment tree solution to Div 2 E ?
 » 2 months ago, # |   0 Please help in Div 2B (Diameter of graph). Lets say there are 63 nodes in the graph and edges are also 63. First 62 edges are used to create a complete tree. At this moment, Max distance between 2 leaf nodes is 10 which is the diameter. I don't understand where I should place the last edge such that diameter reduces to atmax 3.I think I am understanding the question all wrong!
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 You can arrange ANY graph using n nodes and m edges. The best tree (in terms of min diameter) has n-1 leaves and 1 root node. It's diameter is 2 (leaf1->leaf2 = leaf1->root->leaf2 thus distance is 2. leaf->root is one edge and distance is 1). Then it's easy to prove that if graph isn't complete, its diameter >= 2, and if it is, diameter = 1.
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 how are you getting max distance '10' ??
•  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 the incorrect assumption is that all trees are binary, so a 'complete [binary] tree' has 5 edges from any of the 32 leaves to the root (and back out to another leaf for another +5 = the diameter)
•  » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   0 Oh I see , thanks :)
 » 2 months ago, # |   +65 Its not the first time for me, but this time I'm sure its not only for me.Reading editorial for F is really hard. I'm not even sure if its easier than reading google translate from chinese.Can someone fix it? Or maybe, can someone in the comments give me some brief plan on how to solve it? Thanks.
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ |   +28 Same. 130411823 is pretty readable though. (130596156 is my submission based off of it).
•  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 →   +28 Brief explain of the editorial:Consider the final sequence a[1],a[2]...a[n]. Call a[i] "x", if a[i]>= $\lceil m/2 \rceil$ ,and "y" for the other case .It is obvious that two "x"s can't be adjacent . For the given $n,m$. The answer can be calculated as follows: n is even and the sequence is $xyxyxy..xy$. If you subtract each y by $\lceil m/2\rceil$ , then $\forall_i a_i+a_{i+1}<\lfloor m/2\rfloor$ . So you can add $2\times Ans(n,\lfloor m/2\rfloor)$ to the answer. Consider the first position $t$ , that both $a_t,a_{t+1}$are "y" . You can cut between $t$ and $t+1$ ,and change the cycle into a chain like "y....y". then you can split the chain into some segments of "yx...y...xy" . For example $[yxyxy][yxy][y][yxyxy][y][y]$. Then consider a subproblem: $[x^n]F_m$ is the number of $a_1,a_2...a_n$ that $\forall_{1\leq i •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 What does the 'G' mean? •  » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0$G_i(x)=F_i(x)*x$•  » » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 I get it. Thanks •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 Fm is calculated by recursion? How to calculate Fm efficiently? •  » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 → 0 Yes it is recursion ,just consider four cases:[x...x][x...y][y...x][y...y]Then$F_m$can be represented by the sum of several$Godd_{m/2}^aGeven_{m/2}^b$,Where$Good_{m}(x)=G_{m}(x)\times[x\mod 2=1],Geven_{m}(x)=G_{m}(x)\times[x\mod 2=0]$ » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 3 → +178 Hello, I want to share a few things about what I saw in today's contest.First about quality of problems, I've only solved D1A, D1B and D1C, in theory, D1A and D1C are classical but good problems, D1B is a good problem for its position, I haven't thought D1D a lot, but it seems quite interesting.But there were issues with preparation:The fact about the corners not needed in D1A was annoying until the statement was changed (I noticed because in Minecraft corners can be anything), also system tests in D1A were not good enough, allowing solution who only tries small submatrices to be AC, like this one, setters would have considered creating some tests that ensure the solution is big and have some weird patterns to cut this kind os solutions.In Div1B, why set$n = 100$if there is not any solution to cut and expected is$O(n^5)$?, I needed a lot of constant optimizations to fit my solution into TL. It is sad that such a nice problem was turned into an optimization task, and surely a lot of participants (including me) didn't try$O(n^5)$solution for being scared about TL. Also, why non-constant modulo?, why cut solutions with division/NTT and make simple implementations slower?.In Div1C, maybe 1 second of time limit if the intended is$O(n\cdot \sqrt{n})$and$n$is up to$2\cdot10^5$is tight, specially if you notice that naive implementation of the solution requires modulo operation a lot of times, maybe to cut$O(n\sqrt{n}\log{n})$, but still, my solution is that complexity and passed system tests, however it was hacked.At the end, I liked and enjoyed the contest, the problems were interesting, and hopefully the authors learned about their mistakes and maybe in the future will prepare another contest with less issues that everyone can enjoy more.It is very sad that authors put that much effort and make an interesting contest, while having so few Div1 nowadays, and people threat so bad the authors, I think the whole community needs to recognize and support more contest writers, they spend a lot of time and do their best effort to create an interesting contest and even with some issues, the problems have good quality and are enjoyable. Thanks to the authors for the contest!  » 2 months ago, # | +8 Hi, I have a question about problem A. I understood instantly that the answer is (2n)!/2 but then I spent an hour trying to figure out how to calculate such big numbers in the program, and I failed. Even now I don't understand the code given in the tutorial. I tried to use the property of modulo (a*b)%m = ((a%m)*(b%m))%m but that was not helpful. Could you please explain? •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 3 → +12 You want to calculate$(2n)!/2$, that's$1*2*3*4*5*...*2n/2 = 3*4*5*...*2n$. After every multiplication your number can be big so you reduce it by immediately taking remainder. I think this submission should be easy to understand, but note #define int long long (and don't use such defines yourself, it's bad practice): int is enough to store the remainder but not the intermediate product. •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 Aha, I didn't know that it is possible to divide on each step and still get a correct answer. ((((x1%m)*x2)%m)*x3)%m = (x1*x2*x3)%m, I didn't know about that. Thanks  » 2 months ago, # | +1 Fun fact: the time limits were so tight, this contest had zero accepted div1 PyPy3 submissions (whereas the usual div 1 contests usually have at least a few dozen).  » 2 months ago, # | +25 I got the right idea in Div.1 B and C but I FST because of the tight time limit and my large constantmy rank dropped from 50+ to 400+ :(  » 2 months ago, # | +21 Div1 B: However, it's enough to pass the tests.So how can I pass the tests? •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 Cuz you just want to get the value of$f_{n,m,k}$, and the useful states are extremely few, so we use search to take the place of the original dp process. If a state has been calculated before, just return the value instead of calculating it again.  » 2 months ago, # | +16 In Problem Div1D,as I thought the time complexity when directly merging two dp states was$O(n^3)$instead of$O(n^2)$,so I used two-pointers when merging.But I don't know whether it is correct or not.Could someone help me prove my solution's correctness or hack it?https://codeforces.com/contest/1580/submission/130375694  » 2 months ago, # | -7 during the contest:$\color{green} {pretests \space passed}$after the contest:$\color{red}{-1}$I have nothing to say... •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 That's why CF is down 1 min ago lol  » 2 months ago, # | +45 n^5 for 100. What a nice problem. •  » » 6 weeks ago, # ^ | 0 Yes, I never think of writing that complexity code  » 2 months ago, # | +45 Overall, I like the problems, but I don't like the constraints and time limits. The fastest 1B solution might take less than 100 ms, but that doesn't justify the constraints nor the time limit. Please note that most people don't like constant optimization. Something like$n \leq 40$or$n \leq 50$would be much better, especially since I don't think there is any other polynomial solution (?). I nearly got FST in 1C (almost 900 ms), even though in the contest, I got around 300 ms for pretests. Adjusting the block size post-contest speeds it up to around 400 ms. In particular, I feel the time limit should be much more forgiving (e.g. 3s) and there should be more max-tests in the pretests, given SQRT decomposition solutions have really unstable behavior depending on the input and block size. A slightly longer queue is preferable over FST. I'm actually surprised that the constraints and time limits weren't changed, especially after testing.Decrease the constraints, increase the TL, and this would be a nice round.  » 2 months ago, # | +77 We can solve F in$O(n\log n)$, here is a sketch:When$n$is even,$a_1 < m - a_2 > a_3 < \cdots < m - a_n > a_1$. So we need to count the sequences$0\le b_i\le m$where$b_1\cdotsb_1$. You can do inclusion-exclusion for all$"<"$. It can be solved through computing something like$\frac 1{1-P}$.When$n$is odd, the pattern should be a ring with$xy\dots yx$where$x\le \frac m2$and$y>\frac m2$. You can let$x \leftarrow \lceil m/2\rceil -x $and then it becomes a$<><>\cdots$again. •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | +1 That's great!However, could you please offer me the details/code and I'll update it to the editorial. •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | +45 Can you update your current editorial, please? Im sorry to say that, but currently its not readable. •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | +10 The editorial of problem Div1.F is really hard for me to understand, can you update it... •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | -7 Thanks •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 orzTo make it a bit clearer for anyone else: the part about odd$n$means that we can split our circle into segments of form$xy \dots yx$. •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 Can you explain it a little more clearly? I just can't understand it... •  » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 → +38 1) If n is even.$a_0 + a_1 < m \Leftrightarrow a_0 \le m - 1 - a_1$.So if we consider the sequence$ b_i = ( a_0, m - 1 - a_1, a_2, \dots, m - 1 - a_{n-1} ) $then every number must belong to$[0; m)$and we must have$b_0 \le b_1 \ge b_2 \le \dots \le b_{n-1} \ge b_0$(if you use$m - a_i$then some numbers are in$[0..m)$while others are in$[1..m]$which was a bit inconvenient to me).Now, we apply inclusion-exclusion principle for all "$\ge$". Let's break the cycle(ignore the$b_{n-1} \ge b_0$condition) first to make it easier.What this means is we always keep all the$\le$signs, and replace some of the$\ge$signs with$<$while ignoring the rest of$\ge$, count the numbers of sequences satisfying all the inequalities we got, multiply it by$(-1)^{\textrm{[# of >'s we ignored]}}$and then sum it over all$2^n$(or$2^{n-1}$since we ignore the last inequality right now) possibilities of inverting/ignoring the signs. For example we might get something like$b_0 \le b_1 \wedge b_2 \le b_3 < b_4 \le b_5$-- several independent chains of$\le$and$<$alternating. How many solutions are there to$b_0 \le b_1 < b_2 \le b_3 < \dots < b_{2k-2} \le b_{2k-1}$? It's pretty simple to find out it's$f_k={{m+k}\choose {2k}}$.If we consider a polynomial$P(x)=-f_1 x - f_2 x^2 - f_3 x^3 - \dots$and calculate$1 + P + P^2 + P^3 + \ldots = \frac{1}{1-P}$, then its$x^n$coefficent gives us exactly the number we needed(multiplied by$(-1)^n$). How to deal with the cycle? First of all, we can't use all$n$"$>$" signs since it would mean$b_0>b_0$. Before, we always had the first "chain" that started with$b_0 \le b_1$. Now let's say the first "chain" is the one that contains the$b_0 \le b_1$condition. It's easy to see that if this first "chain" has length$k$(e.g.$k$"$\le$" signs), then there are$k$positions where it could've started and other than that it's exactly the same as in the "no-cycle" case.So you just need to consider$Q(x) = -f_1 x - 2 f_2 x^2 - 3 f_3 x^3 - \dots$and the answer is$Q + Q P + Q P^2 + \dots = \frac{Q}{1-P}$. 2) If n is odd.Let's say a number$x$is big if$x \ge \lceil \frac{m}{2} \rceil$and small otherwise. As I've said above, since two large numbers can't be next to each other, you can split your cycle into segments which look like "small-large-small-large-small". So we only need to a) find out how many possible segments there are for each possible segment length and b) how to use that information to solve the problem. b) is very similar to the solution of part 1), except you don't need to use the PIE. To solve a), first subtract$\lceil \frac{m}{2} \rceil$from every large number. If$m$is even, you just got the "no-cycle" case of part 1), however the length of your sequence is now odd instead of even.If$m$is odd, you have to notice that a small number$\lfloor \frac{m}{2} \rfloor$can't be next to a large number, so you can set$m := m-1$, EXCEPT that$\lfloor \frac{m}{2} \rfloor$still can be used in a segment of length 1.Finally, how to deal with the fact that the sequence length is now odd? Similarly to solving the "circle" problem of part 1), we must consider the first chain separately. There are${m + k - 1} \choose {2k-1}$solutions to$b_0 > b_1 \ge b_2> \dots > b_{2 k - 3} \ge b_{2 k - 2}$so you just define a polynomial$R$that has these coefficients and the answer is$\frac{R}{1-P}$(here we'll need all of its terms, not just a single one). •  » » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 Thank you very much for your explanation！ •  » » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 It's easy to see that if this first "chain" has length k(e.g. k "≤" signs), then there are k positions where it could've started and other than that it's exactly the same as in the "no-cycle" case. What did it mean? •  » » » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 You need somehow to only count each arrangement only once. This isn't straightforward to do in the "cycle" case because multiplying the polynomials only accounts for the sequence of chains lengths. So in addition to that we also say that each sequence starts where the "chain" containing "$b_0 \le b_1$starts.And if the first "chain" has length$k$then there're$k$position(i.e. "$\le$" inequalities that we always keep) where it can be started, because the$b_0 \le b_1$inequality can be at the any of$k$positions in that chain and that position uniquely corresponds to a starting position.Example: say$n=10$and the chains lengths are$( 3, 2 )$. This corresponds to 3 arrangements:$b_0 \le b_1 < b_2 \le b_3 < b_4 \le b_5 \wedge b_6 \le b_7 < b_8 \le b_9b_8 \le b_9 < b_0 \le b_1 < b_2 \le b_3 \wedge b_4 \le b_5 < b_6 \le b_7b_6 \le b_7 < b_8 \le b_9 < b_0 \le b_1 \wedge b_2 \le b_3 < b_4 \le b_5$•  » » » » » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 Thanks for details.  » 2 months ago, # | 0 How could Div2 D dp space complexity be O(nmk) ? I thought of that dp during the contest but gave up thinking it will get a mle. •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | +1 number of DP state is O(nmk) •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 Oops I didn't read the tutorial carefully. Sorry. That dp I thought of during the contest went slightly more complexed and have a memory complexity of O(n^2mk) or something.  » 2 months ago, # | +18 I now feel so lucky to accidentally pass d1b without FST during contest!!!By chance, I submitted my solution in C++14 and it passed systests in 1903ms. Before I submitted it, I added a small optimization which seemed quite useless: cut off states with$k>n-m+1$. It didn't make my solution run faster on samples.After the contest, I submitted three more times: Just switching the language to C++17(64): TLE on test 33. Deleting that optimization: TLE on test 31. Submitting the exact solution in contest again: TLE on test 43 (hack). Overall, if (I submitted in another language/I didn't add the optimization/the tests were a bit stronger) I would have FSTed! How lucky I was! •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 That means there are probably more optimizations you can make? I do not like small optimizations only to not TLE tho.  » 2 months ago, # | 0 In 1C,some solutions FSTed with S=sqrt(m). •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 while in 1A,some solutions passed with$O(n^4)$ » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → 0 Why does my brute force with some prunes method with time complexity$O(n^2m^2)$runs so much faster than standard program with time complexity$O(n^2m)$? In div2 C. •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 Can you please explain the implementation of div2 C / div1 A, which is given in editorial. I am not able to understand it. •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 It's so sad that I couldn't understand the editorial too. My solution is just brute force. •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 First pre-compute the prefix sums$dp[i][j]$-- the number of obsidian blocks in the matrix with corners$(1,1)$and$(i,j)$.Then, consider the brute force solution that goes through all possible matrices with corners:$(x,y)$and$(u,v)$. You can find the answer for each matrix in$O(1)$. If you write down the formula for each matrix, there will be various terms such as$dp[x][y]$,$dp[x][v]$,$dp[u][y]$and$dp[u][v]$and others. Now you can split them in two parts: terms that contain$v$and terms that don't.The terms that don't contain$v$, you will have to compute on each iteration of$x,u,y$.But the terms that contain$v$will not contain$y$, so you can compute them all at once for each pair of rows$x,u$and store the pre-computed values as a min-suffix, so that for each iteration of$x,u,y$you can find the minimum value for$v$in$O(1)$.  » 2 months ago, # | 0 I can't understand the solution of Problem div.2C. Can anyone explain what the solution do? plz :D •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 That is what's the meaning of array f?  » 2 months ago, # | +42 I share the same sentiment with others. The problems are quite nice but the tight time limits really made the contest less enjoyable from the contestant perspective. I was really cautious about my$O(m\sqrt m)$solution for C, so I had to preemptively eliminate all the mod operations 130360400 (turned out it was not needed though 130381622).Yes, the round was less than ideal but I don't think the outburst from people is justified, either. I hope the authors can take the constructive criticism in a good manner and come back with a better round in the future.  » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → 0 My$ O(n^{2}m^{2}) $solution for Portal (D1A / D2C): 130388066Just brute force, chosing two endpoints of every rectangle. Since the answer is 16 for the rectangle of the smallest size, we break from the loop if the answer gets greater than 16. I don't think this was an intended solution or was it CQXYM?UPD: Also not entirely brute force since I also used prefix sums for rows, columns and a 2D prefix sum.  » 2 months ago, # | +4 Can you please add comments to your 2C/1A code? Not getting what the GetSum() is doing and what F[k] is storing.. CQXYM  » 2 months ago, # | -44 sorry but even the editorials are not upto the mark  » 2 months ago, # | +3 video solutions to A,B and C(div2) : solutions •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | ← Rev. 2 → 0 https://codeforces.com/contest/1581/submission/130446025 im getting wrong answer for div2 C, can u check why pls if u have time!! Update : I got it why it gave WA  » 2 months ago, # | 0 Could you explain about 1580C (train maintenance), where does square root of m come from?  » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → 0 Upon upsolving the first problem CQXYM Count Permutations I found a pattern by finding out the solution of first 5 natural numbers. F(1)= 1 F(2)= 12 F(3)= 360 F(4)= 20160 F(5)= 1814400 You can observe that the numbers are following this order F(n)=2n(2n-1)F(n-1) [Here, F(1)=1] Precomputing and storing the results upto 1e5 would solve the question. Here is my solution  » 2 months ago, # | 0 codeI guess the code above solve the problem 1A/2C in maybe O(16nm) complexity, but I can neither prove nor hack it.The main idea is just brute force all sub-rectangle, but break immediately when there are already 16 operations(since the answer won't exceed 16) required in the M[1][x], M[x][1] and M[x][y] areas.  » 2 months ago, # | 0 I passed 1581C - Portal with Spoiler4 nested loop and pragma •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | +1 FYI, disabling asserts would've had bigger effect on running time than pragmas •  » » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 :O  » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 3 → 0 Can someone write a normal editorial for div2C?UPD: understand through this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVmqovSLW1s  » 2 months ago, # | +36 .  » 2 months ago, # | 0 So, CartesianTreeForces!  » 2 months ago, # | 0 If anyone still has trouble understanding problem C I tried to make this question a bit easier to understand by adding comments and all basic thinking you can check it out https://codeforces.com/contest/1581/submission/130548553 •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | 0 thanks a lot, bro God bless you. your code and way of explaining was really helpful  » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 2 → 0 In Problem A div 2 we can also do Fact[2*n-1]*n % MOD and it still Works.Submission  » 2 months ago, # | +5 Can somebody pls explain problem E?Here is accepted codeOk, i got the idea that when x + y > sqrt(m) we just go through pref sums and add or sub one to get count of trains. But i didnt get the case x + y <= sqrt(m). Here is fragments of code.int u = x + y; for(int j = i + x;j < i + u;j++)s2[u][j % u]++;and then to calculate the answer we need to dofor(int j = 1;j < M;j++) ans += s2[j][i % j];Please explain how s2 massive works  » 2 months ago, # | 0 can someone explain me the b question wether I have to take the minimum number of edges or maximum number of edges for a general case cause for m=n-1 if I consider a linked list type graph then for minimum k>2 and for max k>n according to me if am wrong pls help me out , thank you  » 2 months ago, # | +8 In problem DIV2D/DIV1B Mathematics Curriculum, I find it hard to understand the dp transition function. In the tutorial, it is stated that: the answer of the problem is$f_{n,m,k}$. However in the code, the result is returned as$f_{n,0,k}$. Also I cannot understand why$d$will become$d+1$during recursion. Why will the count increase when we have a smaller subsequence? •  » » 2 months ago, # ^ | +8 I agree it does not follow from the definition given. I think they've just replaced their original definition$d$with$k+1-d$or something. You can see this because they have$s-x-[d=k]$which should (under their written definition) be$s-x-[d=1]$. (This is Iverson bracket notation). Maybe CQXYM help explain or update the tutorial?It's also possible that I misinterpret how they define$f_{l,s,d},$but I think it's just a mixup. •  » » » 6 weeks ago, # ^ | 0 agreed  » 2 months ago, # | +1 For those of you who don't understand the div1 A / div2 C tutorial, I will try give my best explanation. Prerequisite: prefix/suffix sums.The idea is that we first suppose that we know what the top and bottom rows of the portal are (we don't actually so we will iterate over all of them in our first two loops), then now all we have to do is find out where the left and right parts of the portal lie. So let's try fixing a left side (we will try every left side we can). Now all that we need to do is find out what's the best right side for which we can build a portal.Our right side must satisfy the two properties of the problem: - it is at least 3 away from the left side - it has the minimum changes out of all the right sidesSo let's draw out a diagram of what all the possible choices look like.first image: https://i.imgur.com/uMm0Gve.png (didn't want to embed for space reasons) second image: https://i.imgur.com/AzMqaIJ.pngThe changes you need to make are circled. Notice out of all the options in the second image, you will want to take the minimum one.Notice that as you move rightways, you have some changes that stay forever, for example all the changes in the center of the portal with right side r need to be emptied, but they will also need to be emptied for all right sides greater than r, this is the most important point! This also means that when you move l forward by one to l + 1, all the possibilities for r will only have their number of changes (which are written in blue in the second image) increased by the same constant amount, meaning the minimum will be in the same position! All that changes is the number of changes needed for the left side, and you have to make sure the right side minimum is beyond l + 2 (because the portal must be 4 wide). So — if l denotes the index of the left side — what we want is to be able to query is "what is the smallest number of changes if i pick a right side from l + 3 and beyond, which we can do with a suffix minimum.Steps: 1. Iterate over all valid top and bottom row pairs, top and bot. 2. Calculate the number of changes needed if the left side is at 0 (you don't need to factor in the cost of changing the left side) and the right side is at r for all r and store it in an array num_changes[m]. 3. Create an array suffix_min_index[m] in which suffix_min_index[i] stores the index of right side with the minimum number of changes beyond i. 4. Iterative over every left side l and then get r = suffix_min_index[l+3] and calculate the cost of the portal surrounded by top, bot, l, and r. 5. Minimise over all possible combinations.Complexity O(n^2m)  » 2 months ago, # | +26 Gonna take my own shot at div1F since the editorial quickly switches to alien language.If we pick values$\gt (M-1)/2$and$\le (M-1)/2$, we can "cut" the circle between each pair of adjacent$\le (M-1)/2$, giving one or more "sequences" to solve independently, where small and large values alternate in each sequence. There are 2 cases here for linear and cyclic sequences.First, a reformulation of the problem for one sequence. We have an integer$S$(roughly$M/2$), a length$k$and want to count sequences$a_0,a_1,\ldots,a_{2k}$such that$1 \le a_i \le S$and$a_{2i} \le a_{2i-1},a_{2i+1}$; in the cyclic case, we just add the condition$a_0=a_{2k}$. To see the equivalence to "sums of adjacent elements$\le M-1$", just subtract$1$from everything and replace$a_{2i+1}$by$M-a_{2i+1}$, then the odd-indexed elements are large and even-indexed ones are small.Let's try simple slow DP. The number of sequences is$dp(0,a_0,a_0) = 1$and$dp(k,a_0,a_{2k}) = \sum_{b=1}^S (S+1-\max(b,a_{2k})) \cdot dp(k-1,a_0,b)$. This is matrix multiplication; the matrix with elements$S+1-\max(i,j)$is just the square of "$1$if$i+j \le S$else$0$", i.e. the matrix corresponding to "take suffix sums, reverse" when applied on a vector. Let's denote this matrix by$M$, then$dp(k) = M^{2k}$. For cyclic sequences, we want its trace, for linear ones we want its sum, which is the top left element of$M^{2k+2}$.Let$P = \prod (x-r_i)$be the characteristic polynomial of$M$. Since trace of n-th power = sum of n-th powers of eigenvalues, we want the sum of$2k$-th powers of roots of$P$;$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} \log P = \frac{1}{x} \sum \frac{1}{1-r_i \cdot x^{-1}} = \sum x^{-k-1} \sum r_i^k = \frac{\mathrm{d}P/\mathrm{d}x}{P}$gives us a way to find that.OTOH the top left element is in OEIS as "number of distributive lattices" and the generating function over powers of$M$is$A/P$, where$A$is a polynomial very similar to$P$(characteristic for$S-1$only with different signs of coefficients). From OEIS, we also find that the coefficients of$P$are binomial coefficients.How do we use that to find the answer? If$N$is even, there are 2 ways to place each cyclic sequence in the circle, otherwise there are 0 ways. Any number of linear sequences can be put next to each other; if$B$is the generating function for the number of ways to create one linear sequence with length$2k+1$(even-indexed coefficients are$0$), then the generating function for exactly$n$such sequences is$B^n$and for any number is$\sum B^n = 1/(1-B)$. If we fix the length$2k+1$of the sequence covering the first element on our circle, we still have$2k+1$ways to place this sequence on the circle and the remaining$N-2k-1$elements are covered by any number of sequences.The time complexity is the same as for$O(1)$polynomial multiplications and inversions. I simply used$1/(1-p) = \sum p^k = \prod (1+p^{2^k})$for$O(N \log^2 N)\$.
 » 2 months ago, # | ← Rev. 2 →   -13 .
 » 2 weeks ago, # |   0 div1E: I think I solved it in a O(quadratic) way (see my first AC submission, 4 identical inner while-loops), it'd be worth a countertest.