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There a lot of books for algorithms, data structures. But for competitive programming need good math knowledge, also,
Which math books are best for competitive programming ??
I mean, there algebra, number theory, statistics, probability, arithmetic, computation geometry and etc...
This is (Conrcete-Mathematics) already good for me, now.
UPD: Number theory book. Rosen K.H. Elementary Number Theory
UPD-2: https://artofproblemsolving.com Thanks -emli- for good resource.
UPD-3: Matters Computational Thanks anta, for comment here
Thnx.
I decided to rewrite this post, previously has been deleted.
I know there a many of posts low-level i/o.
scanf/printf solves slowly i/o, partially, but not always.
Most generic usage i/o — is read and write integers, so I'll write about it without a hundred lines of source code.
For simplicity, all input file content loaded to a big buffer, and it will be parsed.
char in[1<<23] ; // a big buffer
char const* o ; // pointer to buffer.
And for detecting end of buffer, put '\0' — terminating symbol to end of buffer ( as plain c-string).
void load(){ o = in; in [ fread(in, 1, sizeof(in ) - 4 , stdin ) ] = 0; }
fread - returns number of reading symbols, we just use this for put '\0' terminating symbol to end of buffer.
unsigned readUInt(){
unsigned u = 0;
while( *o && *o <= 32) ++o ; // skip spaces
while ( *o >='0' && *o <='9') u = (u << 3) + (u << 1) + (*o++ -'0');
return u;
}
By default most implementations used u = u * 10 + (*o++ - '0')
,
but u * 10 = u * 8 + u * 2 = (u << 3) + (u <<1)
I don't know it gives speed, but with shifting the code become happy :)
Some theory of signed integer representation, in most situation see here
-u == ~u + 1
There ~ — bitwise inverting.
And ~u == u ^ 0xFFFFFFFF
or ~u == u ^ ~0
Let start writing method
int readInt()
{
unsigned u = 0, s = 0; // s = 0, if integer positive, s = ~0 - if integer negative
while(*o && *o <= 32)++o; // skip spaces
if (*o == '-')s = ~0, ++o; else if (*o == '+') ++o; // determine sign
while( *o >='0' && *o <= '9') u = (u << 3) + (u << 1) + (*o ++ - '0');
return (u^s) + !!s; // ??????? : s = 0 : (u^s) + !!s = (u^0) + !!0 = u + 0 = u, and
// s = ~0: (u^s) + !!s = (u ^ ~0) + !! ~0 = (u^0xFFFFFFFF) + 1 = ~u + 1 = -u
}
How to use this complete?
#include <cstdio>
char const * o;
char in[1<<23];
void load(){ o = in ; in [ fread(in,1,sizeof(in)-4,stdin)] = 0; }
unsigned readUInt(){
unsigned u = 0;
while(*o && *o <= 32)++o;
while(*o >='0' && *o <='9') u = (u << 3) + (u << 1) + (*o++ -'0');
return u;
}
int readInt(){
unsigned u = 0, s = 0;
while(*o && *o <= 32)++o;
if (*o == '-') s = ~0, ++o; else if(*o == '+') ++o;
while(*o >='0' && *o <='9') u = (u << 3) + (u << 1) + (*o++ - '0');
return (u ^ s) + !!s;
}
int main()
{
load();
int n = readInt();
int s = 0;
for(int i= 0; i < n; ++i)s += readInt();
printf("summa = %d\n", s);
return 0;
}
Compare low-level i/o: 24139587 with std::cin , std::cout 24133798
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
ll readInt(){
ull u = 0 , s = 0;
while(*o && *o <= 32)++o;
if (*o == '-') s = ~s, ++o; else if (*o == '+') ++o;
while(*o >='0' && *o<='9') u = (u << 3) + (u << 1) + (*o++ -'0');
return (u ^ s) +!!s;
}
There are need a big buffer and pointer, again.
typedef long long ll;
char out[1<<23];
char * w = out; // initialize with &out[0] - beginning of the buffer.
There a single writeInt method, arguments: integer u
and serarator c
.
// need to implement this method.
void writeInt( ll u, char separator); // u - integer, separator - will printed after the integer, most situations is space, or '\n'.
AND flush method, which we must call at the end of all operations.
// flush - must be called before end of program.
void flush(){ fwrite(out, 1, w - out, stdout); }
For implementing writeInt need temporary buffer :
void writeInt(ll u, char separator)
{
char tmpbuf[20]; int i;
if ( u < 0 ){ *w ++ = '-'; u = - u ; }
i = 20;
do tmpbuf[--i] = u % 10 + '0'; while(u/=10); // write last digits of u to tmpbuf from end to begin.
// now write tmpbuf to out[] buffer from w pointer.
do *w++ = tmpbuf[i++]; while(i < 20);
// and separator
*w++ = separator;
}
It's all.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Let simplify all above codes.
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
char in[1<<23];
char out[1<<23];
//wrapper to reader
struct scanner
{
char const* o;
scanner(): o(in){ load(); }
void load(){ in[ fread(in , 1, sizeof(in)- 4, stdin)] = 0; }
ll readInt(){
ull u = 0, s = 0;
while(*o && *o <= 32)++o;
if (*o == '-')s = ~s, ++o; else if (*o == '+')++o;
while(*o >='0' && *o <='9') u = (u << 3) + (u << 1) + (*o++ - '0');
return (u^s) + !!s;
}
};
//wrapper to writer
struct writer
{
char * w;
writer(): w(out){}
~writer(){ flush();}
void flush(){ if (w!=out){ fwrite(out,1,w-out,stdout); w = out; } }
void writeInt(ll u, char c){
char t[20]; int i = 20;
if (u < 0){ *w++ = '-'; u = -u;}
do t[--i] = u % 10 + '0'; while(u/=10);
do *w++ = t[i++]; while(i < 20);
*w++ = c;
}
};
//A+B
int main()
{
scanner sc;
writer pw;
pw.writeInt(sc.readInt() + sc.readInt(), '\n');
}
Sometimes, needed restore answer from end to begin, for example shortest path in graph from source to target. Most solution is save answer to array, vector, and reverse it and print. But there exists another solution with reverse-writer.
Reverse-writer -is simple writes numbers to array from end to begin in reverse order.
Let code it
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
char out[1<<23];
struct reverse_writer
{
char * w;
reverse_writer(): w( out + sizeof(out) ){} // w - indicated end of out[] array
~reverse_writer(){ flush(); }
void flush(){
if (w != out + sizeof(out) )
fwrite(w, 1, out + sizeof(out) - w, stdout), w = out + sizeof(out);
}
void writeInt(ll u, char c){
*--w = c; // print separator at first
(u < 0) ? (u = -u, c ='-') : c = '\0' ; // determine sign
do *--w = u%10 + '0'; while(u/=10); // put digits
if(c) *--w= c ;// write sign
}
};
// USAGE:
vi g[maxn];
int parent[maxn];
int n,m,source, target;
int main()
{
scanner sc;
reverse_writer pw;
n = sc.readInt(), m = sc.readInt(), source = sc.readInt(), target = sc.readInt();
for(int i= 0; i<m;++i){
int a = sc.readInt(), b = sc.readInt();
g[a].push_back(b); g[b].push_back(a);
}
memset(parent, -1, sizeof(parent));
dejkstra(source, target);
int total = 0; char c = '\n';
for(int i = target ; i != -1; i = parent[i], ++total)
pw.writeInt( i , c), c = ' ';
pw.writeInt(total, '\n');
}
GOoD lUck!
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