A simple sqrt decomposition solution to online FFT

Revision en2, by jtnydv25, 2018-06-03 11:47:20

Say we need to solve a recurrence of the form :

Here, f is an arbitrary function which can be computed in O(1). An example of such a problem is 553E - Кёя и поезд. The tutorial gives a solution in .

I recently saw a similar problem in codechef may long SERSUM, where I used another technique which I had thought of when I saw the prior problem. In this post I explain this very simple and intuitive sqrt decomposition solution, running in which works in almost the same time as solution because of a very low constant. Here goes:

Let us divide into blocks of size say K, giving us a total of N / K blocks. Block t consists of [(t - 1)K, tK - 1]

Let .

Let Ct = AtB.

When processing the block t + 1 we assume that we know Ct, which is computed when block t has been completely processed. So, we compute Ct a total of times using FFT in time .

Consider some n between [tK, (t + 1)K - 1]. Then,

.

Clearly, the right part can be calculated in O(K), and we have an extra time of O(NK) because of this part.

Overall complexity = , which is minimized taking , and overall complexity is .

An optimization:

Note that the right part can be computed with only one mod operation if we use m2 = m * m, and keep subtracting m2 when the total sum exceeds it. Eventually we take total sum modulo m. This is a very common technique, which we use in matrix multiplication as well.

This means that we should use a block size even greater than for better results, because of a huge constant difference in the two parts. (Computing Ct using FFT, and computing the remaining sum in O(k) using brute force iteration with the optimization above.) Just as an example, for N = 105, and m = 109 + 7 (which is a bad mod value for FFT problems), the best performance comes when you take K ≈ 6 × 103. For this input size it runs in about 2 seconds, which is pretty good.

History

 
 
 
 
Revisions
 
 
  Rev. Lang. By When Δ Comment
en2 English jtnydv25 2018-06-03 11:47:20 61
en1 English jtnydv25 2018-05-14 12:32:10 2658 Initial revision (published)