Object Oriented Programming Notes(C++)

Правка en28, от abdude824, 2022-08-10 12:45:45

OOPs are actually very simple but we can have some difficult questions on OOPs as well. We will first have short notes of theory(which can be asked in form of questions) and then shift to questions.

I am refering E balaguruswamy book for this. These are short notes and may miss something, if you think something is missing please comment. Also, we would be using this track:

  1. Introduction to classes and objects
  2. Constructors and Destructors
  3. Operator Overloading
  4. Inheritance
  5. Polymorphism

We will be discussing major topics here and actually difficult ones. You must know basic OOPs.

Introduction

C structures Vs C++ Classes
General structure of classes
Visibility labels(Public, private, protected
Some terms and their meaning
For CP lovers, here is class based implementation of segment trees and Euler tours, representing inheritance as well(although we don't actually need inheritance here)
Memory allocation of member variables and functions accross objects

Static Data members

As we saw in memory allocation diagram, copies of member variables are made for different objects. But if we want a common variable for all objects of class? For example in an employee class, we need to find the number of employees at a specific time. We can do it using a global variable but that variable can interfere in the whole working of program. We can use a static data member. Static members are initialized to 0 and one important thing to note is that type and scope of static variable is defined outside the class. This is because they are not of every object but are unique to a class. And where we have variables, we do have functions also. Static member functions are also specific to a class, and can access only static members. Please have a code for implementation of both(Here I have kept the static member function outside to generalize the concept that static members are specific to class but they can be defined and implemented inside the class as well)

Sample Code for static data members

All other operations like making an array, vector, or any other STL container works the same for classes(Although you have to make a custom comparator in case of sorting through STL) remains almost same. We can also pass objects as arguments which is self explanatory.

Friendly Functions

There can be a case when we want some function to access private members of a class. For example, suppose there are two classes, Software engineers and Software testers. We want to find maximum income between both of the classes(Although many testers may not be eligible to pay taxes in India(Minimum salary is 5LPA for tax payers)). But we don't want to use the private member "income" as we can't access private members using objects directly. So, what we do is we make a friend function which can access private members of both the classes outside of both of them. This way, it can access both the classes without actually being a part of the class. (Obviously, we have to define that a particular function is friend inside the class as it would be a security threat if any function can be friend)

Code for Friend Functions

If a member function do not alter any data, we put a const ahead of its definition: void changeNothing() const;

Pointers to members of a class

Suppose this is the class:

class A{
private:
    int x;
};

We define a pointer to X as: int A ::* it=&A :: m;

Now, it contains address of m and we can refer to m using *it.

Constructors and Destructors

Constructor

Special member functions having the same name as the class used to initialize objects. Whenever a new object is created, this member function is called.

Constructor example in segment tree implementation

Constructors can be parametrized or without any parameters as well. Constructors without any parameters are default constructors. Please note that if a parameterized constructor is present and no default constructor is present, this type of initialization will give you an error: segTree s; because compiler couldn't find any default constructor. But if no constructor is present, compiler supplies one.

Some properties of constructors:

The parameters of a constructor can be of any type except for that class only but it can accept a reference to the class. These constructors are called copy constructors. Copy Constructors can be used to create two objects with same member variables.

Example of Copy Constructors

We can also use constructors dynamically. That is, we can use them after initialization of objects also.

Code for Dynamic Initialization of Objects

Destructors

A destructor, as name suggests, is used to delete objects that have been created by a constructor. As we saw in memory allocation, each object has its own memory for its member variables. Suppose we have a vector and we are resizing it inside the constructor. Then we should use a destructor as well to free that memory. (Not in general, but in big firms, yes its necessary)

Destructor Example

Operator Overloading

This is perhaps the most interesting part of OOPs. As we saw initially, we can't do a (+) operation on structures, but we can do it in classes using operator overloading. For example, we can use a (+) operator for strings to concatenate them in C++. Similarly, we can modify the meaning of an operator for a class. The possibilities with this are immense. Just imagine, you can actually add maps, sets according to the meaning interpreted by you. You can practically create your own language with this feature. But there are some operators you can't overload.

List of operators you can't overload

Please note that the precedence of the operators don't change. Multiplication will have a higher precedence than addition.

Let's Overload some Unary and Binary Operators!

  1. Unary Operator:
Example of Unary operator, in a class complex, which is like an actual complex number

Now, you might be having a feel how all the STL containers are made. And that's why OOPs are hell awesome!

Now let's overload a binary operator.

Overloading subtraction operator

Left hand operand is used to invoke the operator and right hand operand is passed as an argument.

Diagram representing the operator overloading process

As we used a friend function in dealing with "<<" operator, we have to use a friend member for dealing with any operator in which any one operator is not of the same type.

Type Conversion

We all know type conversions very well (Assuming you are familiar with C++). We use type conversions to convert a double to int, or a character to integer. Although it's not extreme necessary, but it saves some time. These are the three cases we can have :

  1. Basic to User defined class.
  2. User defined class to Basic
  3. User defined to another user defined

To be updated

Inheritance

Here comes the interesting part of OOPs. With this we can actually support reusability. It's quite easy to understand as well.

1. Types of Inheritance
2. Access modifiers in Inheritance
3. Ambiguities in Inheritance
4. Virtual base classes and their applications
5. Abstract classes and real life application
6. Nesting classes

If you want to see the real life application of inheritance, see this code snippet and working here(links would be attached soon). (It was made by me so, maybe a bit clumsy at first look, but see the working, it's my new project(The full project will be uploaded soon))

Polymorphism

To be updated

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en29 Английский abdude824 2022-08-10 12:46:07 2 (published)
en28 Английский abdude824 2022-08-10 12:45:45 64 Reverted to en26
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en1 Английский abdude824 2021-08-17 10:31:10 1201 Initial revision (saved to drafts)