We can simulate Calvin’s path on each substring, and check if he returns to the origin.
Runtime: O(n3)
Note that if we have exactly one card of each color, we can always make all three options (by symmetry). Thus, if we have at least one of each color, or at least two of each of two colors, we can make all three options. The remaining cases are: if we only have one color, that’s the only possible final card; if we have one of each of two colors, we can only make the third color; if we have at least two of one color and exactly one of a second, we can only make the second or third color (e.g. sample 2).
Runtime: O(1)
There are a variety of ways to do this problem. Here is one way: if the answer is X, there must be at least n multiples of 2 below X, at least m multiples of 3 below X, and at least n + m multiples of 2 or 3 below X. These conditions are actually sufficient, so we need to find the smallest X such that , , and . We can do this with a linear search, or with an explicit formula.
Runtime: O(1)
We do this algorithm in two phases: first, we compute the probability distribution of the difference between the winner and loser of each round. This takes O(n2) time. Then, we can iterate over the 2 differences which Andrew wins by and compute the probability that Jerry has a greater total using with suffix sums.
Runtime: O(n2 + amax2)
We can show that any subset with maximal simple skewness should have odd size (otherwise we drop the larger middle element: this decreases the median by more than it decreases the mean, assuming the mean is larger than the median).
Let’s fix the median at xi (in the sorted list), and set the size of the set to 2j + 1. We’d like to maximize the mean, so we can greedily choose the largest j elements below the median and the largest j elements above the median: xi - j, ..., xi - 1 and xn - j + 1, ..., xn.
Now, notice that by increasing j by 1, we add in the elements xi - j - 1 and xn - j, which decrease as j increases. Thus, for a fixed i, the overall mean is bitonic in j (it increases then decreases), so we can binary search on the marginal utility to find the optimum.
Runtime:
This is a dynamic programming problem. Notice that the total imbalance of the groups only depends on which students are the maximum in each group and which are the minimum in each group. We thus can think of groups as intervals bounded by the minimum and maximum student. Moreover, the total imbalance is the sum over all unit ranges of the number of intervals covering that range. We can use this formula to do our DP.
If we sort the students in increasing size, DP state is as follows: the number of students processed so far, the number of g groups which are currently “open” (have a minimum but no maximum), and the total imbalance k so far. For each student, we first add the appropriate value to the total imbalance (g times the distance to the previous student), and then either put the student in his own group (doesn’t change g), start a new group (increment g), add the student to one of the g groups (doesn’t change g), or close one of the g groups (decrement g).
Runtime: O(n2k)
First, note that the marginal utility of each additional ticket in a single raffle is decreasing. Thus, to solve the initial state, we can use a heap data structure to store the optimal raffles.
Now, after each update, we can show that the distribution should not change by much. In particular, after one ticket is added to a raffle, Johnny should either remove one ticket from that raffle and place it elsewhere, not change anything, or, if the raffle was already full, put one more ticket in to keep it full. Similarly, after a ticket is removed, Johnny should either do nothing, remove one ticket to stay under the maximum, or add one ticket. (The proofs are fairly simple and involve looking at the “cutoff” marginal utility of Johnny’s tickets.) All of these operations can be performed using two heaps storing the optimal ticket to add and the optimal ticket to remove.
Runtime: